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When used in an automotive context, corrosion inhibitors are added to help protect vehicles’ radiators, which often contain a range of electrochemically incompatible metals (aluminum, cast iron, copper, brass, solder, etc.). In addition to its potential clarity and transparency, it may help promote standardization across the industry. Adjusting is the final setting of balancing devices such as dampers and valves, adjusting fan speeds and pump impeller sizes, in addition to automatic control devices such as thermostats and pressure controllers to achieve maximum specified system performance and efficiency during normal operation. Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog heat exchanger surfaces. Because water has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters. Most automotive engines are “water”-cooled to remove waste heat, though the “water” used is actually a mixture of water and antifreeze. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive industry, which covers its primary function of convective heat transfer for internal combustion engines.

Water was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. In this way, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of galvanic corrosion. Also, higher steam pressure will be possible than with saturated steam, enabling the steam to carry more energy. The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The use of ethylene glycol has a longer history, especially in the automotive industry. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces. Other programs or props can be purchased by fire departments or community organizations. The Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire Prevention will normally train newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and may also conduct inspections or make presentations. In other cases a vehicle may need to be operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water.

Often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing water and the upper ones steam and water; in other cases, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. FDA allows propylene glycol to be added to a large number of ultra-processed foods, including ice cream, frozen custard, salad dressings, and baked goods, and it is commonly used as the main ingredient in the “e-liquid” used in electronic cigarettes. Antifreeze proteins refer to chemical compounds produced by certain animals, plants, and other organisms that prevent the formation of ice. Antifreeze proteins bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal. An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution, which depend on the concentration of dissolved substances. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature. Early engine coolant antifreeze was methanol (methyl alcohol). On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing voids (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine.

However, all common antifreeze additives also have lower heat capacities than water, and do reduce water’s ability to act as a coolant when added to it. Low molecular weight organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Salts lower the melting points of aqueous solutions. Salts are frequently used for de-icing, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce corrosion of metals. The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). 265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume) propylene glycol diluted with distilled water and a 15 psi pressurized coolant system. Although EGW has more desirable physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. Trying to retrospectively model a building constructed in, say 1927, requires numerous assumptions about design standards, building codes, construction methods, materials, etc, and is, therefore, more complex than building a model during design. Ethylene glycol was developed because its higher boiling point was more compatible with heating systems. Ethylene glycol solutions first became available in 1926 and were marketed as “permanent antifreeze” since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather.

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