Trampoline (computing)


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In computer programming, the phrase Trampoline Park Equipment has a variety of meanings, and is usually associated with soar directions (i.e. moving to totally different code paths).

Contents

1 Low-stage programming

2 Excessive-stage programming

three No-execute stacks

four See additionally

5 References

Low-stage programming[edit]

Trampolines (generally known as oblique jump vectors) are memory locations holding addresses pointing to interrupt service routines, I/O routines, etc. Execution jumps into the trampoline after which instantly jumps out, or bounces, hence the time period trampoline. They have many makes use of:

– Trampoline can be utilized to overcome the limitations imposed by a central processing unit (CPU) structure that expects to at all times discover vectors in fastened places.

– When an working system is booted on a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) machine, only one processor, the bootstrap processor, can be lively. After the operating system has configured itself, it can instruct the opposite processors to leap to a piece of trampoline code that can initialize the processors and look forward to the operating system to start scheduling threads on them.

High-degree programming[edit]

– As used in some Lisp implementations, a trampoline is a loop that iteratively invokes thunk-returning features (continuation-passing type). A single trampoline suffices to specific all control transfers of a program; a program so expressed is trampolined, or in trampolined fashion; changing a program to trampolined type is trampolining. Programmers can use trampolined features to implement tail-recursive function calls in stack-oriented programming languages.[1]

Continuation-passing style is a popular intermediate format for compilers of operate languages, because many management stream constructs will be elegantly expressed and tail call optimization is easy. When compiling to a language with out optimized tail calls, one can avoid stack growth via a way called trampolining. The idea is to not make the ultimate continuation call contained in the function, however to exit and to return the continuation to a trampoline. That trampoline is just a loop that invokes the returned continuations. Hence, there are no nested function calls and the stack won’t grow.[2]

– In Java, trampoline refers to utilizing reflection to keep away from utilizing inner lessons, for example in occasion listeners. The time overhead of a mirrored image name is traded for the space overhead of an inner class. Trampolines in Java often contain the creation of a GenericListener to cross occasions to an outer class.[3]

– When interfacing pieces of code with incompatible calling conventions, a trampoline is used to convert the caller’s convention into the callee’s convention. – In embedded systems, trampolines are brief snippets of code that start up different snippets of code. For instance, relatively than write interrupt handlers totally in assembly language, an alternative choice is to write interrupt handlers largely in C, and use a brief trampoline to convert the assembly-language interrupt calling convention into the C calling convention.[4]

– When passing a callback to a system that expects to name a C operate, however one desires it to execute the tactic of a specific instance of a class written in C++, one uses a short trampoline to convert the C function-calling convention to the C++ method-calling convention. A technique of writing such a trampoline is to use a thunk.[5] One other methodology is to use a generic listener.[3]

No-execute stacks[edit]

Some implementations of trampolines trigger a lack of no-execute stacks (NX stack). In the GNU Compiler Assortment (GCC) specifically, a nested function builds a trampoline on the stack at runtime, and then calls the nested operate by the info on stack. The trampoline requires the stack to be executable.

No-execute stacks and nested functions are mutually exclusive beneath GCC. If a nested perform is used in the development of a program, then the NX stack is silently misplaced. GCC presents the -Wtrampolines warning to alert of the situation.

Software engineered utilizing safe improvement lifecycle typically do not allow the usage of nested features due to the loss of NX stacks.[11]

See also[edit]

DLL trampolining

Retpoline

References[edit]

^ Baker, Henry G. (September 1995). “CONS Shouldn’t CONS Its Arguments, Part II: Cheney on the M.T.A.” ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 30 (9): 17-20. doi:10.1145/214448.214454. S2CID 20720831. Archived from the original on 2016-11-11.

^ Asynchronous programming and continuation-passing model in JavaScript – 2ality

^ a b Muller, Hans (2005-01-31). “Asserting Management Over the GUI: Commands, Defaults, and Resource Bundles”. right now.java.internet. Trampolines. Retrieved 2015-11-06. [1]

^ Hyperlink, Joseph M. (2001-09-01). “Trampolines for Embedded Programs: Minimizing interrupt handlers latency”. Dr. Dobb’s Journal. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

^ Stangvik, Einar Otto (2006-08-16). “Thunking in Win32 with C++”. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15.

^ Weiher, Marcel (2004). “Increased Order Messaging (HOM)” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the unique on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

^ fuz (2011-11-18). “Implementation of nested features”. StackOverflow. Archived from the unique on 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

^ “Trampolines for Nested Functions”. Using the GNU Compiler Assortment (GCC). 2018 [2002]. 18.11. Archived from the unique on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

^ “Nested features”. Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). 2018 [2002]. 6.4. Archived from the unique on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

^ Breuel, Thomas M. (2013). “Lexical Closures for C++” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

^ Walton, Jeffrey; Manico, Jim; Wall, Kevin (2018-03-02) [2013]. “C-Based mostly Toolchain Hardening”. The Open Internet Utility Safety Mission (OWASP). Archived from the unique on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-03-02.

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